Wednesday, August 30, 2017

Egg Shaped Anaerobic Digesters - The Secret of Huge Spherical Shaped Tanks

Many people wonder what those partly spherical, and partly egg-shaped, tanks in multiples of two to four really are at their local sewage works.  

That's why we wrote this article, and a video (see below) on exactly the same subject, namely: "Anaerobic Digesters - those Strange Looking Tanks Explained"

Have you ever wondered what those huge "otherworldy", and futuristic, spherical tanks are that you sometimes see while out driving?

They are anaerobic digestion process digesters, and very useful they are too!

When you hear why they are built in that shape, you will be intrigued at the way that the designers have thought of so many problematic aspects of their AD process. Then they used careful attention to the shape of these biogas reactors to make the process work much better than it would in standard square, rectangular or circular tanks.

These digesters are themselves very valuable because they make sewage sludge much more wholesome and in particular they reduce sludge odour.

But, best of all, they make large amounts of renewable energy to power the sewage works they form part of. Many of them export their spare "green" electricity to the local power grid.


Ratepayers benefit by the reduced cost of their sewage treatment, due to these companies ploughing back the revenue from selling the electric power, from these digesters, into the sewage works accounts, to offset the sewage treatment operating costs.

Egg-shaped digesters originated in Germany in the 1950s and it is thought that all are used to treat sewage works sludge.


  1. The steeply sloped bottom of the tank eliminates grit accumulation.
  2. Grit can easily be removed from the bottom, therefore, cleaning is not required.
  3. Liquid surface area at the top is small, so scum can be kept fluid with a mixer, and removed through a scum door.
  4. Egg-shaped digesters can be built with steel or concrete.
  5. Steel construction is more common because concrete construction requires complex formwork and special construction techniques.

If you found our article, and the above video interesting, now read more at our website.

Go to: www.anaerobic-digestion.com/anaerobic-digestion-basics/anaerobic-sludge-digestion/

This video was inspired by the presentation on egg-shaped digesters at http://mebig.marmara.edu.tr/Enve424/Chapter8.pdf

Monday, August 28, 2017

Digester Covers - Digester Cover Design for Biogas Plants

Every digester depends upon its cover to provide a good air-seal, but are you aware of the digester cover types and the other purposes of these covers?

In this article and in our video below which includes the same content as this page, we talk about digester cover design and the popularity of membrane digester covers.

Many covers are available from manufacturers/ suppliers like Walker Process Digester Covers.

In fact, we think you will find digester gas storage, whether as a floating roof digester cover, double membrane gas holder, to be an interesting subject. See also suppliers/contractors Westech Engineering, and Ovivo for digester cover designs


To see our other, (more comprehensive) article, visit:
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CLICK HERE: http://anaerobic-digestion.com/digester-covers/
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The Video Transcription Text Follows:

Digester Covers. Those Distinctive-lLooking Curved, Biogas Tank-Tops

Anaerobic-digestion plant biogas-digesters, are normally covered with a fixed, or floating top, for gas collection.

These tank tops are a very distinctive shape. Once you recognize that shape, an anaerobic-digestion plant is easy to spot from a distance.

There are 3 types:

1.. Floating covers which rise-and-fall according to the volume of gas and substrate and their weight provides the gas pressure.
2. Fixed covers which require a separate biogas-holder connected to the space above the digester, that allows the gas to move in both directions.
3. The most popular and easily-recognised distinctive double flexible-membrane covers.

In all but the first type of digester-cover, the pressure of the gas is controlled by an automatic pump.
Digester covers are designed to provide the following:

a) A permanent seal to prevent oxygen from entering the digester.
b) A degree of pressurisation to the biogas.
c) In cold countries, the cover must provide heat-insulation to keep the digester warm.

Double membrane digester covers are popular, due to their low cost, and when manufactured to high-quality standards they have a remarkably-long service-life.

We hope you found this video interesting.

A Note on Double Membrane Cover Pressurisation

In double-membrane cover designs, the outer cover is usually pressurised with the low-oxygen content exhaust from an engine-generator or boiler, etc. The low oxygen level gas between the outer membrane and the inner reduces the explosion risk.

It also provides a durable and intrinsically safe, warm gas shell over the flexible, inner biogas collection cover and digester cell itself.

The outer cover is maintained at a preset pressure, to hold the outer membrane taught. Taught enough to withstand tornado strength winds.

Snow, sleet and ice is no problem to these roofs because all are rapidly melted off of the outer cover due to its warmth.

The inner digester cover is, as a result, never directly exposed to wind or sunlight. That extends its useful life considerably.

The flexible inner cover is allowed to rise and fall based on the rates of biogas production and biogas fuel demand.

These covers, when fitted over digesters, tend to provide in the region of 48 hours of Biogas storage.

Now you can read the full blog article at http://anaerobic-hyphen-digestion.com/digester-covers
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Sunday, August 27, 2017

What is Anaerobic Digestion?

Anaerobic digestion - what is it? The success story of anaerobic digestion is getting around. 

That means that more and more people are asking the question; "What is Anaerobic Digestion?"

At this blog we have a habit of quoting others, because very often what we would say has been said already, and usually very succinctly as well. 


We think that the following online excerpts should amply help answer the question of the day, namely; "What is Anaerobic Digestion?"

Definitions of Anaerobic digestion

Anaerobic digestion is the natural process in which microorganisms break down organic matter in the absence of air (an anaerobic environment). 

Anaerobic digestion creates usable products such as biogas and digested material. via Frequent Questions about Anaerobic Digestion

What is anaerobic digestion thumb

Anaerobic digestion is a biological process whereby bacteria break down organic material into more basic compounds without requiring oxygen as a component of the process. 

A Process Which is Older Than You Could Even Think You Could Imagine!

These bacteria are believed to have appeared on Earth approximately 3,800,000,000 years ago ... via What Is Anaerobic Digestion?

Why Anaerobic Digestion Is Becoming the Next Big Renewable Energy Source

When Resourceful Earth Limited announced it would be building a facility to convert 35,000 tons of the local food waste to power each year, enough to provide 80 percent of the energy to the nearby town of Keynsham, U.K, the company became the latest to [reinforce the view that anaerobic digestion will gain the reputation if deserves as an all-round winning process] ... via Why Anaerobic Digestion Is Becoming the Next Big Renewable Energy Source

What is the anaerobic digestion process?

This is a digestion process in the absence of oxygen. This process however do not take place in the living body. This is a digestion process in the absence of oxygen. This process however does not take place in the living body. via What is anaerobic digestion process?

Now that we have got your interest. Why not read that following articles about anaerobic digestion?

Trash to treasure: The benefits of waste-to-energy technologies


Methods to produce fuel from municipal waste include biochemical, such as anaerobic digestion and fermentation, and thermochemical, such as hydrothermal liquefaction, pyrolysis and gasification. The resulting energy products include renewable natural gas ... via Trash to treasure: The benefits of waste-to-energy technologies

Changing the face of waste management in Africa 

Anaerobic digestion: The decomposition of organic waste in the absence of oxygen. • Incineration: The mass burning of waste to reduce the volume of waste and enable the production of energy in the form of electricity and/or heat. • In-vessel composting ... via Changing the face of waste management in Africa

Anaerobic Digestion: Turning Waste into Renewable Energy

Since 2008, Massachusetts has made enormous strides in the field of renewable energy. While you are probably familiar with solar panels and wind turbines, there are many more options that are friendlier to the environment than fossil fuels. With the ... via Anaerobic Digestion: Turning Waste into Renewable Energy

There are also different types of anaerobic digestion, such as:

Low-temp anaerobic digestion

Conventional anaerobic biodigesters do a fine job of breaking manure down into basic elements, but they need temperatures of 35 to 40 C. For high-speed biodigesters, it’s more like 50 C. 
All of this biodigestion is good for the environment, but the supplemental heat is a major operating cost, no matter what fuel is burned.
To further complicate matters, conventional anaerobic digesters become chemically unstable and lose their ability to function should the temperature fluctuate.
However, a biological breakthrough has eliminated the need for energy input. It’s called low-temperature anaerobic digestion and requires temperatures of 20 to 25 C. via Low-temp anaerobic digestion

Dry Anaerobic Digestion: Towards a sustainable agricultural waste
management using dry anaerobic digestion

 Treatment of wastewater containing high concentrations of nitrogen from pig farming is an ongoing environmental problem. Can dry anaerobic digestion technology solve the problem of how best to treat pig manure, including piggery wastewater? Treatment of ..

Your residuals or black bag waste can also be "digested":

Anaerobic Digestion: The last frontier for municipal solid waste

Europe could help give an impression of what the U.S. waste disposal industry can become and what future role anaerobic digestion (AD) may play in increasing landfill diversion, producing biogas, nutrient-rich products and compost for municipalities. via Anaerobic Digestion: The last frontier for municipal solid waste

Thursday, August 17, 2017

4 Tips for Choosing the Best Digester Cleaning Contractors

Digester Cleansing is quickly becoming a discrete business niche within the Anaerobic digestion market.

In the UK six firms actively market their digester cleaning service.

The build-up of grit and debris in biogas plant reactors is all too often being discovered. Undoubtedly this negatively influences the procedure of anaerobic digestion.

It can drastically reduce biogas output, and reduce the income from a biogas plant.

As even more Biogas Plants come on-stream, and existing plants age. the need for digester cleansing is rising.

The sensible, anaerobic-digestion plant driver, will certainly look for to select a specialist digester cleaning service provider.

The biogas plant operator will normally desire the professional digester cleansing service provider to move ahead quickly, and also as rapidly as feasible, to clean-out their bothersome digester container, or storage tanks.

Yet, all digester cleansing tasks hold a lot of prospective threats for injury or even death.

All confined space access, as an example, will certainly call for to be done to the highest possible health and safety standards. To prevent either explosion or asphyxiation, or perhaps drowning.

All of this needs a high degree of experience, comprehensive security training, as well as obviously, tools that is created to get the work done the proper way.

So, guarantee that the cleansing service provider has the right equipment and properly trained staff to utilize it.

Ensure that job will certainly be properly monitored as well as abide by all regional health and safety laws.

The competent cleaning contractor will use special, high powered vacuum trucks along with mobile screening, and water therapy devices to refine the waste water and also solids, for secure disposal.
Ensure that the Cleaning Contractors recognize all local water release top quality restrictions, as well as have consisted of for conformity in their cost.

Celvac Environmental Supplies Digester and also Storage tank Cleansing UK Wide.

Contact Celvac at: www.celvac.co.uk

Anaerobic digester types - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_digester_types
The following is a partial list of types of anaerobic digesters. These processes and systems ... Appropriate technology · Clean technology · Environmental design · Environmental impact assessment · Sustainable development · Sustainable ...
Digester - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digester
A digester is a huge vessel where chemical or biological reactions are carried out. These are used in different types of process industries.
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Sunday, August 13, 2017

Anaerobic Digester Cleaning - Why Clean? Plus Biogas Tank Pumping Contractors

Digester Cleaning - Why Do it?

The most common reason for anaerobic digestion plant digester cleaning by Digester Cleaning Contractors is to restore digesters to optimum biogas output.

However, it may also be necessary to empty digester tanks simply to inspect them for wear or corrosion, and cleaning may also be needed in order to repair leaks.

When digester tanks are drained there will normally always be a lot of grit, stones, and general trash left in the bottom.

This will need to be removed, and doing this is usually considered to be a specialist job. The reason why the digester operator is well-advised not do this using in-house staff is normally due to the health and safety hazards involved.

 It is incumbent upon all biogas plant operators globally to ensure that the digester cleaning contractors awarded this work are properly experienced and apply all local regulations both in connection with their work on-site, but also act responsibly to dispose of the materials which are removed from digester tanks during cleaning.

Some older biogas tank installations have to be emptied before worn out mixers and other internally fitted equipment can be replaced.

Celvac's Mobile Digester Cleaning Rig


In the UK and Europe the ATEX Regulations apply to digester tanks, due to the potential for there to be explosive biogas in digester tanks after emptying. Each EU country has its own daughter regulations which apply the ATEX Directives in member states. In England and Wales, the ATEX Directive is applied within the DSEA Regulations.

In the US, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), is the point of reference for ensuring safety during these works.

A common reason for anaerobic digestion plant digester cleaning by Digester Cleaning Contractors is to restore digesters to optimum biogas output, however, it may also be necessary to empty digester tanks simply to inspect them for wear or corrosion, and cleaning may also be needed in order to repair leaks.
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More Information about digester cleaning:
Digester Cleaning - GTS Maintenance Limited
www.gtsnitrogenservices.co.uk/digester-cleaning
Using silt separation equipment, we are able to carry out effective digester cleaning, while preventing fine materials being carried over. Contact us on 01773 ...
Digester Tank Cleaning, Wastewater Digester Cleaning | Digester ...
www.caryloncorp.com/digester-cleaning.html
Overloading, lack of adequate oxidation time, loss of gas recovery, or invasion of crustacea, grit and trash, can cause a wastewater digester to function at only a ...
Digester Cleaning (inside the cone of Digester) -
29 Dec 2009 - Uploaded by Vergil McGrath
North American Digester Cleaning Services is performing a Digester clean-out. Video is shot from manhole of ...
Digester Cleaning - Synagro
www.synagro.com › Offerings
Synagro can serve your cleaning and servicing needs for aerobic and anaerobic digesters, aeration basins, storage tanks and other municipal and industrial ...
Digester & Sludge Tank Cleaning | Burch Hydro Inc.
burchhydro.com/Services/Digester-Tank-Cleaning
Digester and Sludge Tank Cleaning Services. Removal of residual sludge from digesters and other storage and process tanks can often be unexpectedly ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion
Anaerobic digestion is a collection of processes by which microorganisms break down ... Anaerobic digesters can also be fed with purpose-grown energy crops, such as maize. ..... gas scrubbing and cleaning equipment (such as amine gas treating) will be needed to process the biogas to within regionally accepted levels.
Anaerobic digester types - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_digester_types
The following is a partial list of types of anaerobic digesters. These processes and systems ... Appropriate technology · Clean technology · Environmental design · Environmental impact assessment · Sustainable development · Sustainable ...
Digester - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digester
A digester is a huge vessel where chemical or biological reactions are carried out. These are used in different types of process industries.
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Tuesday, August 08, 2017

Agricultural Farm Slurry Pumps and Pumping - Save Money with Borger and Gissing FE

We are pleased to be able to report that highly significant savings have been achieved in agricultural slurry pumping costs at a farm-based AD Plant in Lincolnshire, as reported by Borger Pumps in combination with the distributor of their agricultural products Gissing FE.

 Watch our video below, or read the written article below, and we think that you will agree that this seems to be exactly what has been done by a clever combination of skills.

It's a combination of pump specialist Borger's skills, and the practical application of know-how by Gissing FE, made possible by an in-depth appreciation of what the farmer needs.

 This has reportedly made great savings by getting advanced pump technology work on the ground for the farmer. In fact, they do seem to have worked a bit of magic, with this trailer mounted product!

The trailer-mounted pump system and Bioselect Slurry Separator (also known as a Digestate Separator ) can be moved easily to where it is needed, and the case study farm businesses previous problems with high maintenance and the need to run multiple centrifugal pumps to achieve necessary high pressures, appear to have been solved. Solved with low maintenance and low running cost solution.

 However, the exact methods used are quite complex, so we recommend that you either watch the video above or read the article below.

Gissing's custom-built slurry pumping container system with Borger's pumps, BioSelect Separator, and macerator,


If, after watching one, you are still in need of an understanding of some of the finer points, we suggest that you watch and read both.

There are a lot of positives to take-in before fully understanding this press release. Press Release:

Big Agricultural Slurry Pumping Savings Achieved at Farm-Based AD Plant

A Borger macerator and two pumps from Borger are helping provide significant agricultural slurry pumping and handling savings at a farm-based AD plant in Lincolnshire.

Part of a custom-built trailer system designed and built by Gissing FE, exclusive distributors of Borger’s equipment for the UK agricultural market, the macerator handles digestate from the farm’s lagoon, whilst the new rotary lobe pumps have replaced inefficient centrifugal units.

Requiring just the one generator to power three electric motors, Gissing’s space-saving (20’ by 15’, including pipework) container system reduces emissions for a spreading operation that would usually need two to three large tractors, plus the diesel and manpower to go with it.
“Previously,” said Jason Gissing, the farmer had to have three centrifugal pumps in line, which with three lots of fuel, was very inefficient.  The impellers on this design of pump will only spin so fast without being able to handle the digestate from the AD plant – and they were also heavy on wearing parts and very time-consuming to service." “However, with the self-priming Borger pumps”, he added, “they hold their pressure much longer to supply a higher volume of slurry – and with their Maintenance-In-Place design, are much, much easier to service – half the time or less than the centrifugal pumps”.
To further benefit the farm’s AD plant, Gissing has also designed its bespoke container system so that it can be utilised for spreading as well as stirring the lagoon.

The Borger pumps can be started, stopped, revved up and down – all from the operator’s cab – from where the driver can also see what flow rates are being achieved, and if necessary, divert.

 Gissing’s experience in the UK agricultural market goes back to 1938.  The company is a fourth-generation family-owned and run team of specialists.

 Borger is owned and run by its founder Alois Börger (who began the company almost 40 years ago), together with his family. In addition to its pumps and macerators,

Borger also supplies its BioSelect Separator for the AD/agricultural market.  The Separator has throughputs up to 150m3/h and can be very easily integrated into an existing system or used as a mobile separator (trailer-based).

via Börger UK Limited - 01902 798977

email: uk@boerger.com

Advances in Agricultural Slurry Pumping Just One Example of UK Anaerobic Digestion Industry Innovation

While the UK anaerobic digestion industry is lacking in government support, as we have reported previously in this blog, and although badly in need of decisions on funding such as the Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI), it can still innovate.

This Press Release once again shows that there is still enormous potential for the anaerobic digestion industry to reduce its biogas production costs, and as it reduces its overheads and passes a proportion of that on to its energy customers, it is cost competitiveness with traditional fossil fuel-based fuels will improve.

 All that is needed is for some short term funding from the UK government to provide the industry with enough confidence to continue investing in technology advances of the sort we see in this press release, and the future of AD will expand greatly.

 There are admittedly some current problems with the availability of some organic feedstock materials, however, there are also many untapped organic feedstock sources which will come available as the cost of anaerobic digestion falls and further innovation, and thus efficiency improvements take place. 

There has also been an explosion in academic research in AD in the last 5 years, new AD processes have been shown to be viable and many variations on existing practices have been researched and shown to have potential.

Very little of that work has yet flowed into the AD industry and given time, it will do so.

 But, very often it is the basic solutions once achieved in what may look like an obvious and simple progression after they have been done, that can have as big an impact as any number of academic reports.

 It is very possible that what we have seen here in Gissing's trailer-mounted Borger equipment is an example of that.

An example of the sort of practical advances which bring the biggest results. In this case study, we think that enabling the system to be run off a generator and used almost anywhere on the farm brings the practicality of the Borger equipment up to a new level of usefulness.

We think that what we have seen confirms the value of the agricultural slurry pumping savings reported at a farm-based AD plant, as reported by Borger working with Gissing FE.

Saturday, August 05, 2017

Digestate Separation Using the Borger Bioselect Digestate Separator

In this article we suggest the five top Advantages of Digestate Separation using the Borger Bioselect digestate separation technology, available from manufacturer Börger GmbH, Borken-Weseke, Germany.

What are Borger Bioselect Digestate Separators?

Borger Bioselect Digestate Separator system is achieved using the proven system for digestate pumping, storage, and separation offered by this well-established company.


The Borger Bioselect separator brings to all AD Plant Operators the ability to separate solid fibrous digestate leaving the biogas reactor from the liquid, reliably and cost-effectively.

WHY SEPARATION?

1. Separating the solid fibres which leave the biogas reactor, from the liquid portion of digestate means that overall digestate storage capacity needed at the AD plant is reduced during the maturation period.
2. New uses emerge for both liquid and solid digestate. The separated solid is used by some as an energy source, but usually it is left in windrows for a period before being used as a soil improver and spread back onto the land
3. The Solid Phase can be dewatered to an optimum water content for use as bedding for cattle
4. Liquid Phase is most often used as a fast-acting crop fertilizer, and is easier to sell off-farm after separation.
5. The Liquid phase can then be injected into the soil, meaning no possibility of etching damage to the plants.

WHY NOT FIND OUT MORE ABOUT THE 'BORGER BIOSELECT' DIGESTATE SEPARATION SYSTEM?

The Borger Bioselect digestate separator is a purely mechanical device with low maintenance requirements and needs no chemicals to run, simply switch the system on and start separating!

What Others Are Saying About the Borger Bioselect Digestate Separator - A Web Roundup

The Bioselect BS is a combination of the separation machine and two Rotary Lobe Pumps. These three drive units are joined with a special control unit with various control and safety components.
The separator is load-triggered. The feed pump only conveys the volume which the Bioselect BS is able to process. The high density solids discharge pump determines the degree of thickness. via Pandct.com

“We had a great response to this new product at last year’s show”, said Borger UK’s Managing Director, David Brown, “so it’s time now to give it centre stage. AD operators and farmers seem to like it for the throughputs (up to 60m3/h) and because it can be very easily integrated into an existing system or used as a mobile separator”.
Combining a separator and two Maintenance-In-Place (MIP) Borger rotary lobe pumps, the Bioselect separator is load-triggered, whilst the feed pump ensures that volumes do not exceed capacity. The high density solids-discharge-pump determines the degree of thickness, so the user can (for example) thicken 4 per cent dissolved solids (DS) content liquid into 12 per cent DS to make it suitable for a tanker.
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/121597258672786521/
The Börger Bioselect Separator provides efficient separation technology. Using a purely mechanical process, liquid parts are separated from solid parts in the medium (such as digestate or liquid manure).

The installation options of the Börger Bioselect are as versatile as their requirements. Whether attached to a simple wall bracket, installed on a movable frame with an upstream macerator or as a mobile version with a conveyor belt – the application options of the Bioselect are unique. via AgricultureMachineryBusiness.com

Friday, August 04, 2017

How to Stop Climate Change with Biogas from Sea Kelp Cultivation


How farming giant seaweed can feed fish and fix the climate

Seaweeds can grow very fast – at rates more than 30 times those of land-based plants.



Because they de-acidify seawater, making it easier for anything with a shell to grow, they are also the key to shellfish production. And by drawing CO₂ out of the ocean waters (thereby allowing the oceans to absorb more CO₂ from the atmosphere) they help fight climate change.

The stupendous potential of seaweed farming as a tool to combat climate change was outlined in 2012 by the University of the South Pacific’s Dr Antoine De Ramon N’Yeurt and his team.

Their analysis reveals that if 9% of the ocean were to be covered in seaweed farms, the farmed seaweed could produce 12 gigatonnes per year of biodigested methane which could be burned as a substitute for natural gas.

The seaweed growth involved would capture 19 gigatonnes of CO₂. A further 34 gigatonnes per year of CO₂ could be taken from the atmosphere if the methane is burned to generate electricity and the CO₂ generated captured and stored.

This, they say:

…could produce sufficient biomethane to replace all of today’s needs in fossil-fuel energy, while removing 53 billion tonnes of CO₂ per year from the atmosphere… This amount of biomass could also increase sustainable fish production to potentially provide 200 kilograms per year, per person, for 10 billion people. Additional benefits are reduction in ocean acidification and increased ocean primary productivity and biodiversity.

Nine per cent of the world’s oceans is not a small area. It is equivalent to about four and a half times the area of Australia.

But even at smaller scales, kelp farming has the potential to substantially lower atmospheric CO₂, and this realisation has had an energising impact on the research and commercial development of sustainable aquaculture.

But kelp farming is not solely about reducing CO₂. In fact, it is being driven, from a commercial perspective, by sustainable production of high-quality protein.How farming giant seaweed can feed fish and fix the climate via How farming giant seaweed can feed fish and fix the climate - Reddit: Futurology

Now, I am taking a bit of licence here by including this summary because the author is using the term biomethane as being synonymous with biogas (as most people do in India - the commentator is an Indian Academic), however if, rather than using this energy as electricity it was used to provide CNG (compressed natural gas) also called liquefied renewable natural gas (RNG) it would be even more effective in reducing climate change.

The above is a Reddit comment which summarises the following article:

Bren Smith, an ex-industrial trawler man, operates a farm in Long Island Sound, near New Haven, Connecticut.

Fish are not the focus of his new enterprise, but rather kelp and high-value shellfish. The seaweed and mussels grow on floating ropes, from which hang baskets filled with scallops and oysters. via theconversation.com

More Information about how to reverse climate change:

100 Practical Ways to Reverse Climate Change - National Geographic
news.nationalgeographic.com/.../climate-change-global-warming-drawdown-hawken/
28 May 2017 - When National Geographic caught up with Hawken at his home in San Francisco, he explained why climate change is a gift, not a curse; why ...

A Formula to Reverse Climate Change — The Carbon Underground ...
https://thecarbonunderground.org/the-formula-is-easier-than-you-think/
The data suggest strongly that we can actually reverse climate change, not simply slow it down. Lots of data. And while different studies may use different ...

Regenerative Development to Reverse Climate Change Workshop ...
thecommonwealth.org/.../regenerative-development-reverse-climate-change-workshop...
What more can we do to tackle the challenge of climate change? Is it possible to reverse its impact? Leading scientists and climate experts will meet to explore ...
Climate change mitigation - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation
Climate change mitigation consists of actions to limit the magnitude or rate of long-term climate change. Climate change mitigation generally involves reductions ...

Greenhouse gas ... · Methods and means · By sector · Costs and benefits
...million years ago by flourishing marine phytoplankton; reversal of global warming 49 million years ago by 800,000 years of arctic azolla blooms ...
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