Watch this blog for Anaerobic Digestion News and information. This blog is unique. It is independent and carries News from all AD sources. We are not allied to any particular manufacturer or product, so you will see all the Anaerobic Digestion News here first.
The New Landia Biochop Hygienisation Unit will be a useful addition to the biogas equipment market as it is aimed at the majority of anaerobic digestion plants which accept Animal By-Product wastes and only process the low risk category 3 type waste materials, which are defined as:
Animal By-Products Regulations Category 3
Catering waste from households, restaurants
Former food
Much slaughter house waste e.g. waste blood & feathers.
These are waste feedstocks which can generally be used in composting and biogas plants without pretreatment as stated by Wikipedia. So, the BioChop Hygienisation Unit is great news enabling AD Plant operators to utilize Category 3 animal by-products as part of their feedstock.
The Biochop Hygienisation Unit
According to the recent Landia Press Release:
"Landia’s new free-standing BioChop Hygienisation Unit mixes and heat treats Category 3 animal by-products so that the resulting thin substance can be used as an energy-efficient substrate in biogas plants.
Organic remnants that are reduced in size by the Biochop are liquefied, heat-treated and pumped back out as a valuable raw material in closed pipes by one highly efficient process to an AD storage tank or tanker for transportation to a biogas plant.
In addition to significant cost savings on labour, transport and disposal. Landia’s Biochop minimises foul odours and prevents pests from entering residual products.
Suitable for AD operators, especially in enabling them to utilise Category 3 animal by-products as part of their feedstock, BioChop can also be bring benefits when installed for the poultry, fish, fruit and vegetable processing industries."
The use of macerators in the anaerobic digestion and biogas industry has the potential to raise yields from many feedstocks, and by chopping up the larger lumps and particles in a digester, will certainly allow better mixing with a lowering of the viscosity of the mixture in the reactor. It may also help to cure pipe blockage problems in systems where these have proved to be troublesome.
Buying the right knife action macerator for a biogas plant application can be a highly cost effective purchase, especially when there are benefits in the three areas of:
Higher biogas yield per unit volume of feed due to the methanogenic organisms being able to work on a larger surface area of the particles after being chopped up
Better mixing of a more homogeneous reactor contents
Reduced potential for pipe blockage.
Leaders in this field in the UK are Landia, and now Börger with its new specialized biogas product.
Börger manufactures the Rotorrake chopper/ macerator in Europe specifically for biogas plants. The Rotorrake is a robust, single-shaft coarse chopper.
In common with competitor products, these macerators are easy and economical to install into most operating biogas tanks, without major disruption to the process and/ or the contents.
Börger's many years’ of experience in the European market has resulted in a precision engineered system utilizing heavy duty components for trouble free service.
Börger has longstanding experience in the grinding of solids in the most varied of applications.
Börger’s new Rotorrake builds on that experience and has been designed for simple yet highly effective size reduction of coarse solids in AD plants, where reversible knife rotation against fixed counter rotating knives bring about the Rotorrake’s course macerating effect for chopping and grinding tough solids such as manure and crop feedstock.
Börger reports that they are easy to service with their "Maintenance in Place (MIP)" capability that includes a quick-release cover and single screw cover removal for access. The Rotorrake is also modular and has a small footprint.
Stated to be "blockage-free in operation", Rotorrake achieves its highly effective size reduction of solids with a throughput of up to 800m3/m (3,500 usgpm), with centrifugal forces aiding the collection of any stones or debris that drop into its large stone trap, which can then be easily emptied via a front cover.
If you are a biogas plant operator and you think that you plant may benefit from a chopper system, you can contact Börger Pumps, at the address below:
Börger Pumps
01902 798977
Email uk@boerger.com
Web www.boerger.com
You may well be amused to hear that the Anaerobic Digestion process, which has rightly been getting an increasingly favourable press recently worldwide, is now also picking up a PR publicity bonus from the UK meat scandal. Read the details in our first link below from the UK's Guardian Newspaper.
However, the anaerobic digestion industry is much more quietly taking on another role, which in the long-term will be much more important, which arises from the ability of AD Plants with suitable pasteurizing equipment, and suitably permitted to accept potentially infectious wastes is likely to increasingly take on the role of disposal route as the disposal method of choice for the carcasses of fallen animals.
""The products withdrawn from stores will be sent to anaerobic digestion plants," the spokeswoman said. "This is the most efficient method of generating energy from waste, and part of our broader 'zero food waste to landfill' strategy. We are the UK's ...The Guardian" http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jan/17/horsemeat-scandal-burgers-converted-fuel
In many ways, the quiet adoption of the AD process for fallen stock disposal on-farm rather than incineration or another dispoal method, after haulage to a suitable facility, would most likely have larger long-term benefits, as described in the following article:
And, if that was not enough good news for biogas in the UK, the EA seems to be about to make the often criticized anaerobic digestion plant permitting system just a little bit easier to comply with:
So called "Dry Anaerobic Digestion" is the latest buzzword this week for MSW AD plants in the US. While I was researching this post I found at least 6 recent articles, each giving a different angle on the New Monterey, California Anaerobic Digestion Plant. I have included some of those dry anaerobic digestion technology links below for your reference.
"The Monterey Regional Waste Management District (MRWMD) and Zero Waste Energy, LLC (ZWE) held an open house today introducing the country's first dry anaerobic digester (AD) utilizing the SMARTFERM technology for use in processing organic waste ..." http://www.azocleantech.com/news.aspx%3FnewsID%3D17899
And, if you live in the US, you can even apply for the Plant Manager job!
"View all details on this Plant Manager - Anaerobic Digestion vacancy on reed.co. uk, the UK's #1 job site. You can also search for all similar roles now.www.reed.co.uk/jobs/plant-manager-anaerobic.../22551134" http://www.reed.co.uk/jobs/plant-manager-anaerobic-digestion/22551134
What is dry anaerobic digestion technology?
The "dry anaerobic digestion" process has been in use in Germany for at least 10 years, where the Linde company were one of the first to adopt this process. unfortunately, we have found that this product is no longer on the market in recent years though.
In Europe dry anaerobic digestion processes are far from being "dry", however, they are less "wet" than their counterpart "wet anaerobic digestion processes. The lowest moisture content dry AD processes can look very like an in-vessel composting plant with heaps of organic material being placed in the digestor tunnels by wheeled plant and conveyors on a batch process basis. At the other end of the water-content spectrum, these processes may be simply higher solids biogas digester systems than the standard digester. An example of a dry anaerobic digestion system is the Dranco system described in the link above.
The advantages of dry anaerobic digestion can be:
Reduced reactor volume
Reduced digestate (this can be an advantage for municipal waste when digestate liquids may be of low cash value due to the fact that the digestate liquids may be unsuitable for crop fertilizer use.
If there are other advantages than these that you know of please add by commenting.
Take care energy from waste people - Don't let the Waste Hierarchy Bite!
The topic today is the UK Waste Regs. and how important it is when planning a UK energy from waste project, not to "fall and get hurt by" the Waste Hierarchy!
The link above will take you to a new page which is a great starting point for anyone looking for an official page setting out the current requirements for compliance of new AD plants (and also feedstock changes to existing energy from waste facilities), with UK regulations and we recommend that those starting out to plan an AD Plant/ Biogas Plant in the UK will find this new page very useful.
It starts by explaining the current UK obligation for all energy from waste projects, which exists under the revised EU Waste Framework Directive to apply the waste hierarchy, before deciding on suitable EfW/ AD Plant feedstocks. Take care to consider this as it ranks waste management options in order of environmental preference.
The important point here is that you will need to be able to show that you have complied with the first priority of waste reduction, when you submit for a permit for any waste to energy project.
They point out that:
"Recovering energy from waste is only appropriate for waste that cannot be prevented, reused or recycled with less greenhouse gas emitted.
Energy recovery can be a sustainable option for waste that would otherwise go to landfill and create landfill methane emissions."
From which all AD and biogas plant project planners must realize that they mean that you will have to be able to show that suitable actions have already been taken to follow the heirarchy, and that is usually BEFORE it arrives as your feedstock. In most cases this will not be difficult, and the main action will usually be to obtain evidence that your feedstock source organisation has applied the waste hierarchy before the waste arrives at your energy from waste plant.
Nevertheless, this is an important step in obtaining UK permits, and it is easily missed.
Smartphone users are invited to try out our new Android App about Biogas Technology, Articles News and Developments here. It's free to download and use, and it is for all those in the Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Industry, students and any other interested users, who prefer to get their information from their mobile device. We already provide a mobile AD website here, and growth in smartphone use has been such that we have seen a doubling of visitor numbers to that site over the past 12 months, but we think that people prefer the convenience of an installed application on their phones, so we built this app. The app that we have been busy compiling this last few weeks (did you notice how quiet this blog has been?), has been built to compile a number of unrestricted-copyright social-networking sources for the users of the app. It uses a form of content curation which, if a sufficient number of users download and use the app, can be extended and enhanced.
The current app version has tabs for the following:
Biogas News from Google's News service at www.news.google.com
Our Facebook News Feed about anaerobic digestion
A selection of the most Popular YouTube videos on the subject of anaerobic digestion and biogas
Our Twitter Feed (@anaerobicnews) also on the subject of anaerobic digestion
An Events Page which is not very useful currently (one of you has already commented on that. Thank you!) but which we have been trying to "localize" (not very successfully) , and which we hope to be able to improve in the near future
An images tab (more of a gimmick than really useful?).
The general idea has been to pull together social networking technology to provide a truly useful app. To what extent that has been achieved I am not sure, so your feedback is very welcome.
The rate in which the use of smartphone apps is increasing is very rapid indeed. At present there don't appear to be any more than about half a dozen biogas apps available on the largest Android platform at Google Play, but my view is that this will change rapidly over the next few years as professionals begin to tap into this trend.
The more web savvy of you will no doubt also be aware that those that invite me to follow them on Twitter will be able to participate when their Tweets appear in this app, and anyone (business or individual) who wants me to follow them is welcome to contact me, and I will follow back all requests which show a biogas and AD related interest.
The same goes for those that post updates on my Facebook page at http://www.facebook.com/anaerobicdigestion . If you know of other suitable Facebook and Twitter accounts/ pages updated regularly with relevant news which can be added to this app, let me know via the comment box below, or do message me on Facebook.
If any of you have RSS Feeds set-up already in your websites or blogs, relevant to the app and would like them also to be streamed into the app in future versions, let me know.
Due to the additional cost and complexity of producing an iPhone and iPad version of this app we have not produced an Apple iOS version, although we will do so if there is sufficient interest shown. If the investment can be found there would then be two parallel versions of the app developed and updated together. A small charge would potentially need to be made for the iOS app version.
There is a small amount of advertising within the app currently, and it is hoped that ad revenue will be sufficient for the app to remain free for the current app and for any iOS version. So far, add revenue has been disappointingly low...
We hope that a significant number of you share our enthusiasm for developing a really useful app for all to use in the anaerobic digestion and biogas industry, and try out this app.
Now that we are approaching the end of 2012 we thought it would be interesting to briefly analyse the progress in anaerobic digestion in the UK (UK biogas plant growth) since the summer by reminding ourselves of what was said at the Anaerobic Digestion & Biogas Association (ADBA) in June, and how the AD industry has been progressing during the 6 months since.
In June Lord Redesdale, who chairs the Anaerobic Digestion & Biogas Association (ADBA), said that the anaerobic digestion and biogas market could witness an:
"incredible" eightfold increase in renewable energy generation by 2020."
This was provided that the UK government provided the right support (and this is still debatable given that support rate on some incentives are still in consultation), the potential for a growth explosion, was huge.
It is also worth repeating that, at that time Lord Redesdale also made the point that:
"It is incredible that with only 78 plants built outside of the water industry, the UK AD industry is already delivering over four times more electricity than solar PV."
AND, we have not seen anywhere that the solar PV industry has refuted this assertion.
UK Biogas Plant Growth - the Continuing Expansion
So, the AD market is potentially a big growth area, and we are now able to report that the another batch of treatment infrastructure projects is now well on its way to getting the green light for a large number of anaerobic digestion/ renewable energy plants across the UK.
The largest project to move forward this month seems to be Peel Environmental's £145m energy recovery centre for residual waste in South Clyde. We understand that he development has been granted planning permission by Glasgow City Council.
The facility will be designed to generate up to 20MW of electricity which will be exported to the grid, 55% of which will be renewable.
Just prior to that West Dunbartonshire Council issued consent for a recycling centre at Rothesay Dock, Clydebank. This site will have an anaerobic digestion (AD) Plant as part of a facility for sorting mixed recyclables.
In another development the organic waste treatment specialist contractor HotRot Organic Solutions projects has advanced plans to expand in the UK, through a new commercial partnership between itself and Bio Watt Engineering which will focus on modern composting technologies. Under the agreement HotRot will seek to extend its in-vessel composting operations throughout the UK and Eire.
But, HotRot is not just into composting, and is also working in collaboration with biogas developer agri.capital to develop 50MW of AD capacity in the UK.
There is yet more AD growth to report as Wyke Farms (said to be the UK's largest independent cheese producer and milk processor), is planning to build a digester near its farms in Bruton, Somerset.
If you are looking to experiment with your own small biogas plant, we recommend the Firedigester eBook here.
IF YOU ARE NOT YET A SUBSCRIBER - WATCH THE PROFESSOR PUPPET VIDEO AND FILL IN THE FORM TO THE RIGHT!
2012 has been a great year for the biogas industry worldwide!
When the figures for the year 2012 are counted up we are sure that the year saw:
more biogas plants operating than ever before pumping more energy into the world's homes and businesses than in all history
more new biogas plants completed than ever before
more shovels put into the ground to start building new AD plant starts than before
more publicity, more politicians wanting to be credited for supporting AD plants, and more government subsidies paid, than ever before!
It has been a great year for the industry, and the technology looks like growing even faster next year, as indeed it needs to do, if the renewable energy output produced is going to meet the targets of the rising number of governments which have pledged to support this very sustainable and environmentally friendly technology.
Zero Waste Scotland Moves Ahead with New Regulations, and Seeks Tenders for an Advisor
Zero Waste Scotland has truly embarked on the journey towards a more sustainable approach to waste and resources, and form now on Waste Management Practices in Scotland will diverge from those in England. Under the measures adopted so far by the UK government recycling rates have continued to rise, volumes of waste being sent to landfill have been declining, and as a society the Scottish population are increasingly aware of the environmental impact of their activities.
Zero waste does not mean that households and businesses will not produce waste, they will (although it will be much less than now). It means that close to no waste will be sent to landfill.
The Zero Waste Plan means building on past achievements and making ongoing progress. It has now become central in all strategic planning for waste policy in Scotland. What is more it is a popular policy with wide ranging grass root support. The Zero Waste Plan has been described by its originators as: "achieving the best overall outcomes for Scotland's environment, by making best practical use of the approach in the waste management hierarchy: waste prevention, reuse, recycling and recovery".
In effect, Scotland despite its small population, is leading the way within the UK, in setting a national plan for zero waste, and this brings them into the whole issue of zero waste, zero to landfill, and the zero waste economy - with a bang!
The targets to help them shift the focus up the waste hierarchy, were set-out in the Zero Waste Plan for Scotland, and in essence are:
for 70 percent recycling and,
only five percent to landfill by 2025 for all waste (which is very ambitious and will require changes which will be felt by every citizen and all businesses.
Zero Waste Scotland will need additional help from consultants to implement their strategy and they have (December 2012) published tender details for the appointment of just such in the TEDs European Tenders database.
To achieve such a large diversion away from landfill they will have to innovate a lot. So the ideas which will be developed range from:
investment in plastics recycling to creating a nationwide network of volunteers to getting zero waste into the school curriculum;
and from beefing up third sector re-use capacity, to helping councils deliver communications campaigns.
Food waste collections coupled with the Anaerobic Digestion process is seen as a central platform for removing valuable organic content from the waste, as well.
The Driving Principles of Zero Waste Scotland
The idea is to create an "Accredited Re-use and Repair Network" nationally which will entail embedding a new level of professionalism, quality and customer focus throughout a large number of third sector re-use organisations, with the intention being making it a mainstream option for materials such as furniture, electrical goods, bikes, carpets and building materials.
A Zero Waste Zones scheme will be used to involve the public at communmity level. It is intended that this will inject a competitive element and provide a framework for; "communities, which will include schools, workplaces and other institutional settings as well as local neighbourhoods, to work towards a recognised standard and in the process change how resources are valued by others." (CIWM Magazine 2011.)
This will also require the involvement of all the important economic sectors like food and drink, hospitality and construction.
But this is unlikely to be enough without lots of innovation. They admit that they will need:
new product design ideas,
better reprocessing technologies and
comprehensively improved and optimized collection systems.
to make big strides in designing out the need for waste to be created in the first place.
Plus, progressively more restrictive landfill bans for certain materials; and it is considering a carbon metric to better reflect environmental impact (or value) than the current tonnage-based system.
Scotland won't be on its own though as the rest of the UK is set to follow the same path to zero waste. Caroline Spelman, the Defra Environment Minister, spoke at Futuresource of the Government working towards a "zero waste economy" and of a "new approach, to waste" which works for the new economy.
According to CIWM's Ben Murphy (CWIM Magazine August 2010), she wants to:
""Unpack" what we mean by zero waste and went on to explain the statement by defining what it isn't. It isn't a saintly society where no waste is produced, but it is one where all resources are fully valued, where consumers make deliberate decisions about waste prevention and in which we change behaviour to better reflect the top of the hierarchy."
Northern Ireland,is also aspiring to zero waste. As if he had been colluding with Spelman, he went on to mention maximizing the use of resources, a more sustainable and dynamic economy and behaviour change.
The Welsh Assembly Government launched its municipal sector plan "Towards Zero Waste" in June 2010,
making a clear statement on the subject. Full "zero waste" to landfill will not be met until 2050 and that, the assembly report tells us, will be achieved:
"...by more efficient use of resources and waste prevention, while building a sustainable environment and a more prosperous and fair society."
However, all this is complicated to explain to the public and there is a great deal of concern that as the process will take close to 30 years to complete it may be seen as failing, so it is important to stress the ideas contained in a report from ZeroWIN, an industrial network project funded by the EC, in which it condenses the essence of the zero waste mission, which all those involved should strive to keep in mind, as:
"...[recognition] that zero waste is a target to be strived for, not an absolute, and it is possible that landfill or incineration may ultimately be the best option for a very small number of wastes".
Please Help With Our Research on Biogas Plant Payback Periods. Are they more or less than 10 years? Read the article below, if you have time, but if not please do immediately follow the following Facebook link by clicking on the image below, and vote!
Experience with Simple Home and Community Biogas Plants in Nepal
Nepal is one of the lowest energy consuming countries in the world. More than 85 percent of its total energy comes from traditional biomass energy such as from forests, agricultural residues, and by-products from crops which lead to environmental degradation and ecological imbalance and adverse human health impacts too. Beside the carbon revenue, other quantifiable tangible benefits are also associated with the technology. The main objective of the study was to study the prospects of biogas installation in terms of the socio-economic and environmental benefits to the rural community of Nepal.
The field work was based on structured questionnaire and focus group discussion in Gaikhur VDC (154 biogas plants till June 2009, BSP) among representative Biogas and Non-Biogas Households. The primary data was used for calculation of GHG emission (IPCC guidelines), payback period and carbon abatement revenue.
With the proper utilization of bio gas and treated solid and liquid bio manure the maximum payback period of Synod bioscience projects will be 24 to 36 months.
Biogas Plant Payback from the Waste Management World Magazine
Long-term contracts: A biogas plant typically has a payback period of 10 years – and financing to match – so feedstock contracts need to be long term. This is relatively simple with crops but harder when the feedstock is food waste. At present, contracts for supplying food waste typically last for a year or two, which doesn’t support the investment needed to get a biogas plant up and running.
10 tons of silage or 20 tons of manure daily. If you have less then 10 tons of raw material your payback period will be more then 2 years. Biogas plants are recommended for big and middle size companies. For such companies payback period is about 1-2 year or less. Middle size biogas plants are plants with 20-100 tons of daily biomass loading. There are no maximum size biogas plant limitations. Equipment is of modular type and can be built up if necessary.
From 5 to 6 months. Standard projects that are already operational available. While projecting only planning and adjustment are made. Equipment supplied as component assembly.
Biogas Plant Payback Periods in Report on Google pdf Site
BIOGAS PLANTS ON FAMILY FARMS
By 1983, 420 biogas plants, among which 378 full-scale plants and 42 pilot-scale plants, were treating agricultural wastes. Overall he total digestion working volume was 95,000 m3. Two hundred ninety one biogas plants were treating liquid or semi-solid wastes, mainly cattle and pig manure. Fourty five biogas plants were treating solid wastes, mainly immure with bedding. Seventy seven biogas plants were treating mixed agricultural wastes, mainly mixtures of manures.
Biogas plants on farm can be economical, but this is seldom the case. There are two major reasons for this; too high an investment cost or too low performances.
Among the 32 biogas plants for which enough data were available for a valuable economic analysis, only 6 were found profitable. Among these were 3 out the 5 Do-It-Yourself biogas plants. Their Simple Pay Back periods lie between 3 and 4 years and their Internal Rates of Return are higher than 30% which in turn is higher than the capital cost of 15%.Although they have a low daily biogas production, below 1m3 biogas per m3 of digester working volume, they are still profitable because their investment cost lies between 100 and 160 ECU per m3 digester working volume.
Three biogas plants, constructed on a turn-key basis by companies, among which one includes an electricity generator, are profitable with Simple Pay Back periods of 5 to 6 years and Internal Rates of Return higher than 15%.
The South West of England leads again in Anaerobic Digestion! This week's press is alive with the news of a new AD Plant in Bristol, and so that our readers get the fullest possible picture, with the least effort, we have included quotations from three recent news items from different publishers for you to read. We say - why not make life as easy as possible!
The South West saw a pioneering on-farm anaerobic digestion plant at Holsworthy in Devon in the mid-2000's, and as far as I know that plant is running very successfully. It was one of the very first projects in teh current growth of the technology. Now, Bristol and the region, is clearly moving forward with food waste AD and joining the rising tally of UK food waste anaerobic digestion plants, in this welcome news.
To watch this video on the advantages of separate food waste collection for anaerobic digestion, on YouTube click here.
The plant will be operated by Wessex subsidiary company GENeco, and a further press release is available at the ADBA web site here. The contractor for the construction of the plant was Monsal.
We were interested to read that Wessex Water already produces 30 GWh of renewable energy from sewage sludge using the anaerobic digestion process, at the Bristol sewage treatment works already. That is just about enough to run the sewage works already, so the new power output will supply local electricity demand.
The total amount of renewable energy now being generated by the AD Process certainly continues to rise at a pace!
The wind industry in many countries has experienced a remarkably rapid expansion of capacity in the last few years, and this fast growth is expected to continue, and yet there is a disadvantage of wind farms not previously known.
Governments in many countries are willing to subsidize the technology which is seen as low risk compared to many other renewable energy systems, and yet the renewable energy source already holds many disadvantages, when compared to say anaerobic digestion plants.
In the UK a large number of onshore and offshore wind turbine projects are now moving into the construction stage, with an unprecedented number of onshore wind farms having received planning consent over the last 12 months. Other nations are likely to be in a similar position within the current wind turbine technology and investment bubble.
With all that activity the casual observer would, we think it is fair to say, expect that the sustainability argument for wind turbines would have been well established with all aspects well studied. Investment on this scale is surely not being pumped into a technology which will in future years be found to have undiscovered disadvantages and not be as green as was expected - or is it?
The assumption that wind turbine technology is green has recently been brought into question in a study completed by Liming Zhou, Yuhong Tian, Somnath Baidya Roy, Chris Thorncroft, Lance F. Bosart and Yuanlong Hu, which is reported in the July 2012 edition of the Nature Climate Change Journal.
The researchers point out that while converting the wind's kinetic energy into electricity, wind turbines also modify surface-atmosphere exchanges and the transfer of energy, momentum, mass and moisture within the atmosphere.
They postulate that these changes, if they are present over large enough areas, may have potentially significant impacts on local to regional weather and climate, and they continue in their paper to provide observational evidence for such impacts based on the analysis of satellite data for the period of 2003-2011 over a region in west-central Texas.
They have chosen well, as this is where four of the world's largest wind farms are located. And, they say that their results show a significant warming trend of up to 0.72 degrees C per decade, particularly at night-time, over wind farms relative to nearby non-wind-farm regions. They go on to attribute this warming primarily to wind farms as its spatial pattern and magnitude couples very well with the geographic distribution of the wind turbines studied. So this may be a big disadvantage of wind farms.
The researchers go on to say that their study is not definitive and the data used only crudely represents the effects of wind turbines at this stage. However, 0.72 degrees C per decade sounds like a large rise to us, and large enough to raise a very significant question over the sustainability of wind farms for the local environment, and regional effects may also be present. This could come to be seen as a big disadvantage of wind farms.
In our view, and in agreement with the authors, we believe that this study should wake up the scientific community to this concern, which is an important issue that requires further investigation. To quote the authors of this paper;
"We need to better understand the system with observations and better describe and model the complex processes involved to predict how wind farms may affect future weather and climate."
Beyond that, should not this sort of basic research to investigate this disadvantage of wind farms have been completed by modelling before, and not after, such a large investment goes ahead?
At this Blog we see this as being superb news for the Anaerobic Digestion business area, especially after views revealed here on this blog site recently, to the effect that the coalition government did not have enough resolve to fund the wonderful options readily available to the nation from a more subsidized push from the government, which would certainly appear to be mainly what is needed for the numbers of UK AD Plants to rise swiftly.
To read the full story on the new Environment Secretary's speech we recommend that you follow the following link: Paterson pledges support for AD sector
No doubt there are political dangers in unintended consequences of AD technology, but surely the same can be said about all forms of government subsidy?
Now read this which includes comments about Paterson being keen on Shale Gas. Wow! What a reaction that will cause!
"Environment secretary Owen Paterson has called the concept of anaerobic digestion "tremendous" and suggested a different approach to subsidies for energy technologies in a speech yesterday in Birmingham. "We have a huge amount of food waste that ...Energy and Environmental Management (EAEM) Magazine" http://www.eaem.co.uk/news/paterson-goes-gas-anaerobic-digestion-and-shale
Underground Coal Gasification is a process for exploiting coal that cannot be mined because the seam is too deep, thin or fractured. The process involves using the drilling technology usually used for fracking to get oxygen into the coal seam and then setting the seam on fire. By controlling the amount of oxygen injected it is then possible to only partially burn the coal and bring the gases produced to the surface where they can be burn to produce energy. The process is associated with serious groundwater contamination and massive carbon emissions.
When coal is gasified, rather than burned as at conventional coal plants, impurities such as sulfur and mercury can be stripped out of the gas stream, instead of otherwise being emitted into the air. The resulting fuels burn virtually free of these pollutants. Sulfur-free fuel means less smog and acid rain, among many other benefits.
No Smokestack!
Unlike conventional coal burning plants that ignite the coal and send pollutants up a smokestack and into the air, synfuel plants gasify coal and there is no direct smoke emission. This thermo-chemical conversion takes place in a contained reaction and creates only syngas, a mixture of gases which then can be made into liquid fuel. Just like biogas, syngas can be used for liquid fuel production, and syngas can also be upgraded to natural gas just as biogas can be upgraded into biomethane to be sold on the market or can be used directly as fuel for a power plant.
Now you will say that this is surely environmentally damaging due to the fossil fuel based carbon dioxide emissions, but the coal gasification industry has an answer to that. Plants using syngas could invest in what is known as Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) plants, and although these are currently rare and still in development, they are among the cleanest types of electricity generators.
So, rather than burning coal directly, gasification breaks down coal, or virtually any carbon-based feedstock, into its basic chemical constituents. In a modern gasifier, coal is typically exposed to steam and carefully controlled amounts of air or oxygen under high temperatures and pressures. Under these conditions, molecules in coal break apart, initiating chemical reactions that typically produce a mixture of carbon monoxide, hydrogen and other gaseous compounds.
Gasification is, as we said already a thermo-chemical process which investors will like as there is no start up time of several weeks of the sort that anaerobic digestion plants need before they produce biogas.
Who Said That Underground Coal Gasification Was Not Environmentally Sound?
The environmental benefits of gasification in combination with the IGCC process during which the syngas is converted to energy by combustion. Its great advantages stem from the capability to achieve extremely low SOx, NOx and particulate emissions from burning coal-derived gases. Sulfur in coal, for example, is converted to hydrogen sulfide and can be captured by processes presently used in the chemical industry. In some methods, the sulfur can be extracted in either a liquid or solid form that can be sold commercially. In an Integrated Gasification Combined-Cycle (IGCC) plant, the syngas produced is to all purposes free of fuel-bound nitrogen.
NOx from the gas turbine is limited to thermal NOx. It is reported that diluting the syngas allows for NOx emissions as low as 15 parts per million. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) can even be used to reach levels comparable to firing with natural gas if required to meet more stringent emission levels. Other advanced emission control processes are stated as being developed that could reduce NOx from hydrogen fired turbines to as low as 2 parts per million.
Carbon Capture is the Trump Card?
These benefits could be combined with carbon capture to prevent the climate changing effects of carbon dioxide emissions once carbon capture and long-term underground storage of the CO2 has been demonstrated to be effective. In which case investors may prefer to put their cash into these power plants, which can be built on a huge scale to allow underground coal gasification to rival the output of traditional coal power plants, so watch out anaerobic digestion for renewable energy!
The US Department of Energy is reported to be working with industry to keep the United States at the forefront of carbon capture, utilization, and storage technologies. An innovative clean coal demonstration project in Texas, supported by the Department’s Office of Fossil Energy, is underway.
The United Kingdom is well placed within Europe to develop underground coal gasification by having large reserves of indigenous coal both onshore and offshore in the southern North Sea. These reserves have the potential to provide security of future energy supplies long after oil and natural gas are exhausted. The UK is already building a part UK government and EU funded power station "retrofit" to demonstrate carbon capture and storage in old natural gas fields under the North Sea.
Furthermore, syngas or what is termed as hydrogen oriented Underground Coal Gasification (UGC) for Europe and its Environmental and Safety Aspects are being studied, HUGE2 is a R&D project (2011-2014) co-financed by the EU within the Research Fund for Coal and Steel. It is a follow-up of the project Hydrogen Oriented Underground Coal Gasification for Europe known as HUGE, which was completed in 2010. The EU has funds (although not a much cash as expected due to carbon offsets trading price drops) to fund more projects in carbon capture and IGCC.
Traditional mining methods however are not suited to working many of the UK's on land and offshore reserves, and development and infrastructure costs of new mines so without new technology like underground coal gasification, also known as fracking, many UK and indeed, worldwide reserves would be likely to remain unused, giving anaerobic digestion the best chance to thrive.
Watch Out Biogas? Another Competitor?
But, the concept of gasifying coal underground and bringing the energy to the surface as a gas for subsequent use in heating or power generation has considerable attraction, with spin-offs as a chemical production refinery feedstock instead of oil. So, watch out anaerobic digestion and biogas production devotees, because underground coal gasification (UCG) has the potential to provide a clean and convenient source of energy from coal seams where traditional mining methods are either impossible or uneconomical, and its development is gathering pace.
We thought that today we would go back to basics, and use this blog to answer the most common question in the Anaerobic Digestion scene today, which is no doubt a reflection of the large number of people who are now hearing about biogas for the first time.
So, you want to know what Biogas is! Few are aware of it, but the anaerobic digestion process is as old as life, and we here we explain what biogas is, how biogas is made, and how it can help the planet.
The basis for biogas is natural product such as meals scraps and feces which are held in an anaerobic tank, which can easily vary from a storage tank which is not ventilated to a gadget which is especially made to produce gases. The conditions encourage anaerobic micro-organisms, which start to break down the organic product, producing methane and carbon dioxide as a resultant effect. Yet another type of biogas which features hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon monoxide can be obtained through the gasification of biomass such as wood or rice husks, a method which is used to make gas industrially.
Biogas is the gas that is the product of the food digestion of natural products under anaerobic conditions. Substrates such as manure, sewage sludge, municipal solid waste, bio-degradable wastes or feedstock are transformed into methane and carbon dioxide.
The biogas digester depends on bacterial decomposition of biomass, waste material which is biological in origin, varying from cooking area scraps to cow dung. As anyone who has walked past an inadequately kept outhouse or garden compost pile is mindful, when anaerobic conditions establish in a collection of biomass, they entice bacterial organisms which emit a number of distinctive gases, most notably methane, in the procedure of digestion. These gases are typically deemed a symptom of inability and they are vented away for disposal, but they can in fact be really helpful.
Exactly How is Biogas Produced?
Biogas is made in the Anaerobic food digestion process. There are many methods which this is done, ranging from in containers, for experimentation, to significant tanks. The largest anaerobic food digestion plants are those utilized for digesting the sewage sludge which collects in all sewerage works. The biggest number of anaerobic digesters are the so-called "dome kind". These biogas digesters start underground. The organic matter (also called slurry) is displaced into a "settlement tank" as the biogas forms. The gas is collected in a brick framework that sits above ground, right over the decaying matter.
Another type of anaerobic digestion plant is the Floating Drum Type. This sort of digester additionally begins underground. A metal drum drifts above the slurry, either in a water jacket or straight on the slurry. The drum floats greater and higher as it is filled with biogas.
Winding Up
It has actually constantly been crucial to do just what we can easily for our environment, but the continuing massive boosts in industrial procedures and output has actually made it more essential than ever before. And not only are our industrial outputs increasing, but our global population continues to grow at a steady pace, necessitating a huge change in the way we approach our industrial practices.
Biogas generators have not yet come to be a common piece of machinery in residences since a totally efficient model has actually not yet been completely developed yet. There are many designs that do in reality produce superb power and a solid backup system.
In the meantime, many of these generators can currently power a strong range of devices, however the accessibility of fuel is an additional factor that has held the propagation of these generators in check. But, their usage is expanding fast and they are terribly required to supply clean sustainable energy to the globe.
We hope that reading this has actually alerted you to the potential of biogas from anaerobic digestion to alter energy and our globe for the better so we advise you discover out more at the following link: Biogas Digester Website www.biogas-digester.com
A lot of people are concerned about the environment, but don't have a good idea of what they can do to help. Interestingly, an environmentally friendly energy industry has been emerging to serve customers who are interested in making a difference. This article provides many tips so you can live a green lifestyle.
Try switching to CFLs. The compact fluorescent bulbs tend to use about 75 percent less energy than the traditional incandescent bulbs do, plus they last around 10 times longer. They are pricier than the traditional bulbs, but it takes only a few months to make up for it in energy savings.
Warm-air registers, radiators, and baseboard heaters need cleaning at least once per year. It is best to clean these at the beginning of the cold season so they are ready to work at top efficiency once the weather turns cold. Clean heating units will distribute the heated energy evenly.
If you are charging products within your home, use smart green ideas to conserve energy by unplugging these devices when you are done. Even when they are fully charged, these units still consume energy and cost you money. So unplug them when they are finished, and save some energy and money.
Try using cold water in the washing machine whenever it is possible. 90% of the energy used by washing machines is for heating up water. Because of this, using warm water will just increase your monthly utility bill and decrease the amount of money you have at the end of the month.
One simple way to update your home with green technology is, to install solar panels. These can help decrease the amount of energy you use, and save you some money. Not to mention they are not extremely expensive, and are easy to install. There are even some government incentives for updating your home with solar panels.
Consider a ground-source heat pump for your home. A ground source heat pump makes use of the constant temperature of the ground in order to heat and cool the home. The ground temperature will be warmer than the air in winter but cooler in the summer, making for highly efficient heat exchange.
Always have a backup power source for a wind generation system. Your system needs to be able to account for low-wind days. This backup could be another type of renewable source, such as a battery system powered by solar, or a diesel generator. Another option is to have the home plugged into the utility power grid.
Think about getting a hybrid car. Electric cars have many flaws, including the low number of charging stations. With a hybrid car, you can use either gas or electric power, depending on what is available. Invest in a hybrid vehicle if you live close to a charging station or can get your own.
If there is running water on your property, you should consider investing in a good hydro-power solution. A simple mill can turn into an energy generator. Get in touch with Department of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy to find out if your stream is strong enough to produce a significant amount of power.
Find out if there are any incentive programs in your area to help you offset the costs of installing green energy solutions. In the US you can use the Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy to check out local incentive programs which you can take advantage of, but also contact your Department of Energy office.
Consider opting for a solar hot water heating system. If you must use hot water to run your dishwasher or do your laundry, a solar hot water system can benefit you. If you live in an area where freezing is not a concern, a direct circulation system will be perfect for you.
You can save the energy it takes to generate paper bills by signing up for paperless bank statements. Most banks will allow you to view your statements online instead of receiving a multi-page paper statement. Banks also offer online bill paying features which allow you to save even more by not using a paper envelope to mail payments.
As this article mentioned before, there are many people who are looking to make a difference in the environment and are seeking to reduce their carbon or environmental footprint. If you have the right information, it's easy to implement green energy solutions in your life. Use the advice in this article and green living is just around the corner.
The internet is buzzing with the news that London will soon get its own Anaerobic Digestion (biogas) Plant, so below is a round-up of what you can read online about this.
First London Anaerobic Digestion Plant means the city won't be left behind in Green Energy Race
We were just thinking that it was about time that London caught up with the rest of the UK in its provision of AD Plants, and now we have it. No doubt flushed by his popularity, London Major Boris Johnson has out his support behind the project which has secured just over £20M (GBP) in funding, which is no mean feat to achieve in the current economic climate.
Scroll down for the round-up of news links, below the fascinating video from Torse and Lindhurst Engineering. Watch this video from TORSE for a new biogas plant in research at Nottingham University which produces a hydrogen rich biogas in a smaller footprint unit.
"London's first anaerobic digestion facility to create electricity from household waste has been given the green light, after TEG Group and the plant's funders agreed terms to get the project off the ground. Located within the Dagenham industrial park ..." http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/271fd73e-f4e9-11e1-b120-00144feabdc0.html
With all this publicity, the way to get known must be to get involved in projects in the capital city. There is nothing like it for getting the press to write about you!
Also, finally, after many years of promises from the UK government the Green Investment Bank does seem to be getting going. May there now be many more projects, which get their funding, as this one has done!
So, sadly, Shropshire Council and Biogen have announced the closure of the Biocycle food waste anaerobic food digestion (biogas) plant in Ludlow.
Back in 2010 the council were looking at stopping household food waste collections in the area as a reaction to the need to cut finances although this isn't sated to be a reason for the plant's closure.
The information available in press reports makes it clear that after what is described as a really successful six years operating as the UK's first demonstrator food waste anaerobic digestion plant, the choice has actually been made to wind down plant operations in the course of September with the full closure of the plant by the end of 2012."
It would certainly seem that while it was by all accounts a technical success, the site was definitely too smal to be economically viable, and local CHP use of the waste heat had not been implemented which would have added to revenue, plus the site is fully used and presumably not suitable for expansion.
The 5,000 tonne per annum plant, built in 2005 as a non-commercial operation at a time when many in the UK questioned the viability of such plants for household waste, and was set up with financing from DEFRA and Advantage West Midlands.
Biocycle currently services a few contracts outside Shropshire, but reportedly there are now other AD plants which can process this waste.
Take a look at the following article for more information:
"Shrewsbury UK Shropshire Council and Biogen have jointly agreed to cease operation of the Biocycle anaerobic digestionAD plant at Coder Road Ludlow After a ...www.recyclingportal.eu/artikel/29167.shtml"
http://www.recyclingportal.eu/artikel/29167.shtml
Using microorganisms to solve human needs is hardly anything new; from crude-oil producing algae to pro-biotic drinks, a whole host of miniature marvels are proving that bigger is not necessarily better.
And in the world of waste management, we're no strangers to the principal; technologies like anaerobic digestion have been installed for decades now, turning waste into useful biogas that can be fed back into generators for heating and electricity.
This week, however, a whole new level was useful waste-usage has been reached by the scientists at MIT, whose latest advancement is a bacteria with a rather special party trick - turning waste into fuel.
To give the bacteria it's proper name, Ralstonia eutropha is naturally a miniature plastics factory. Whenever the organism is stressed, it goes into 'carbon storage mode'; taking carbon from any source -and given the sheer amount of carbon in the world, it never falls short - and turns it into a polymer that it can break down for later use.
Whilst plastic seems so inorganic and man-made, Ralstonia eutropha's polymer shares many properties with petroleum-based plastics, according to Christopher Brigham, a research scientist in MIT’s biology department.
Brigham explained that his research team saw the bacteria's potential as a two-birds-with-one stone potential - a natural resource which could provide a waste management solution and produce fuel, by knocking out a few genes, inserting a gene from another organism and tinkering with the expression of other genes, Brigham and his colleagues were able to redirect the microbe to make fuel instead of plastic.
The result is this specially-engineered organism, which breaks down carbon and produces isobutanol - which can be directly substituted for, or blended with, petrol and other fossil fuels.
Whilst the team's marquee experiment has been getting the microbe to use pollutant CO2 as a carbon source, elsewhere in the laboratory, the microbes have been using fructose, a sugar, as their carbon source.
Turning Waste Into Fuel with Ralstonia Eutropha
Even focusing on fructose, the MIT-produced bacteria could be introduced into landfills, breaking down food waste, agricultural waste or municipal waste into something that could directly fuel automobiles or generators - with no harmful byproducts.
Whilst it will take years more research to perfect the bacteria and plan how it would work within existing facilities, this environmental-issue-busting 'two-for-one' has already proven itself as a potential waste management solution to watch for in the future.
